نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 21 (بهار 1401)

Developments in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to the development of world trade and the competition of powerful countries for new markets and an increased supply of raw materials; Under these conditions, Iran was assessed by Britain and Russia in terms of its geographical and political position, and Iran's relations with these two countries increased. due to the special location of the province of Fars, which covers most of the coast of the Persian Gulf and has back trade routes, representatives of foreign companies and government consulates, including Britain and Russia, were present in this province. this article discusses the activities of British and Russian trading companies and their influence in the Persian province. Companies such as Ziegler, Gary Paul, David Sassoon, the Russian Merchant Shipping Company, the Iran-Russia Commercial Complex and the Nikola Avaginians Trading House are included in this reseach study.The findings show that, the variety of business activities of foreign companies serves the export of products such as sheep, animal oil, sheepskin and lamb, in addition to the needs of the two powers in new markets and raw materials in the England and Russia. negative effects on society, among which are the high price of meat and popular protests against it. Iranian merchants set up local companies and firms to deal with foreign companies. however, in the end, the provocations of the Imperial Bank and foreign interference did not allow Iran to enter foreign markets and develop local trading companies.

From the perspective of the Imams, the Imams have many sacred and supernatural attributes and characteristics, one of which is the knowledge of the unseen of the Imams. This issue has a very important place among the companions of the Imams and Imami scholars and has always been discussed and different views have been expressed about it - in terms of source and territory. For several decades now, a new type of study called "History of Thought" has been introduced in the Western world, which some Muslim writers have used in the field of the attitude of the early Shiites towards the issue of Imamate and attributes. The imams are employed. The school textbook in the process of evolution is one of them. According to this book, the doctrine of the unseen (= physical knowledge) and other holy attributes of the Imams have no place in the minds of the companions of the Imams and are considered to be the fabrications of grains and delegations. The method that the author has used to examine historical propositions and evidence is a historical method that follows certain criteria and characteristics. This article examines and critiques the method of the school book in the process of evolution about the knowledge of the Imam's unseen based on the criteria of the history of thought and shows that the author has distanced himself from the criteria he has expressed and in the process of research, with The principles and rules of the historical method have not been aligned.

Britain came to dominate various parts of India during a period of erosion and gradually, especially after the suppression of the 1857 uprising. In the late nineteenth century, many Hindu and Muslim social, cultural, and political groups intensified their efforts to confront Britain. Following these efforts, as well as negotiations with British agents in India, the National Congress of India was established in 1885. This political organization was responsible for protecting the interests of the Indians against the British, but with the domination of the Hindu elements over this organization, the Muslims gradually realized that they had not been assigned a decent position in Congress. This political action strengthened the passion for Muslim convergence, which resulted in the founding of the Majlis-e-Ahrar-Ul-Islam in 1929. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and researches conducted in English, Urdu and Persian languages, With a historical approach examines how the new political identity of Muslims was formed, relying on the functioning of the National Congress of India and the Majlis-e-Ahrar-Ul-Islam. This is the research question. What was the attitude of Muslims in the Majlis-e-Ahrar-Ul-Islam towards the performance of the Indian National Congress? And the research hypothesis is that the British presence led to the formation of the Indian National Congress and the emergence of new conditions for Muslims. The result of this study is that the functioning of the Indian faction and ruling Congress led Muslim experts to conclude that they would have no place in the future political geography of India that the Hindus were mapping, so the Majlis-e-Ahrar called for the separation of the Muslim polling station. Which went through the process of secession from Congress with greater speed.

Political behavior during the time of Amanullah Khan took place along with the political behavior of the previous rulers, which is far from Islamic values and requirements in the field of political behavior. This situation is problematic, despite his claims of reformism and the Islamic nature of society. This issue is primarily concerned with the political culture of the ruling tribes of the country. Because political behavior is influenced by political culture and the predominant aspect of political culture in Afghanistan is also tribal in nature. Therefore, the question arises as to what effect the tribal political culture had on the political-Islamic underdevelopment of political behavior in this period. From this issue, the main question arose: What is the role of tribal political culture in the underdevelopment of Islamic-political behavior?Here, an attempt has been made to study this issue scientifically, using the method of conceptual analysis and the method of document collection (library); Considering the hypothesis that tribal political culture acted as a mental stimulus for Amanullah Khan and his government agents in conducting political behaviors focused on ethnic-tribal interests, anti-justice, violence, and lack of regularity, and led to underdevelopment. It has been.The research led to the findings that this culture led to the acquisition, maintenance and violent expansion of political power, the elimination of political rivals and opponents, looting of state and popular property and property, unbalanced development, changing the demographic composition of the residential areas of convicted minorities Has been

The common theory is that the Mamluks opposed the hereditary rule, yet the period of Baḥrī Mamluk (644-784) witnessed nearly a century of hereditary reign of the Qalāwūn dynasty. Why and how to establish the hereditary monarchy of the Qalāwūn dynasty is the question that this article seeks to answer. Attempts by the first great Sulṭāns of the Mamluks, Aybak and Baybars, to maintain the monarchy within their dynasty failed; But the other powerful Mamluk king, Qalāwūn, was able to inherit the government from his family. Among the sons of Qalāwūn, Sulṭān Nāṣir Muḥammad, in spite of twice ousting and relinquishing the monarchy, played a greater role in consolidating the hereditary rule of this dynasty. In the third period of his reign, which lasted 31 years, Nāṣir Muḥammad, based on previous experiences and by gradually eliminating powerful rivals and potential claimants to the monarchy, prepared the ground for the acceptance of the pattern of inheritance among the Mamluks. After him, his sons and grandsons ruled Egypt and the Levant (Shām) for more than four decades (741-784). Although the sons of Nāṣir Muḥammad were deposed several times by the Mamluk princes, no emperor violated their dynastic rights until the end of the Mamluk period.

One of the most important and vital measures of any series is to create security and stability. Similarly, in Iran, dynasties took steps to establish security and political stability. Hence, activities such as social unrest that endangered the security of the Shah were severely punished. Among these punishments, which were often applied to rebellious princes, were abacination and blinding, which are noted recurrently in the early Iranian references of the Islamic period and before. These types of torture continued until the middle of the Qajar period. Via examining the political and cultural circumstances in the history of Iran, it can be inferred that since the Shah himself was the actual decision-maker and there was no modern judiciary, most of the punishments were executed on behalf of the Shah without any specific rules. While decoding the history of abacination, this article attempts to draw on Michel Foucault's theory of care and punishment to determine the hypothesis that considering the degree of insecurity and rebellion that existed at that time (By the cultural standards of the past) it was a logical reaction against princes to prevent rebellion and insecurity. The present historical study was completed through descriptive-analytical research method..